The Best Temp For A Woodstove

The scrub forest is no longer `

The scrub forest is no longer: rural women reconsidering the forest through the hazelnut
Juan Calos JARA, Paul Palmer, RONY PANTOJA

With a yoke of oxen, a machete and a bag of flour, the first houses built with shells tineo (Weinmania trichosperma), this was pure mountain tupi'o, then we had to start clearing pa 'cultivate and raise animals in those years the wood was no good as there was no way we had to burn .


In the last century began the process of displacement of families impoverished and marginalized Tirúa and Cañete (Region VIII), which subsequently gave rise to colonies of the northern sector of the community of Carahue (Region IX). His historic life forms were then the only knowledge and tools that allowed them to survive in a mountainous area, far removed from agricultural patterns of their native lands. In

This article describes the experience of the members of the labor workshop Santa Cecilia, industry night, in terms of developing hazelnut production. This workshop is one of the few that have focused on developing a productive activity in the commune of Carahue, so it is interesting to visualize your progress and challenges to be faced.

organization working
The workshop Santa Cecilia was born on June 15, 1989 and its legal personality was approved September 30, 1996, with nine women. Named after the daughter of one of the members, who was born at an early date to the training workshop. It currently comprises 14 women, mainly from the sectors The night, Matt and Sanchez, all adults, with an average of 41 years of age, 80% married, with children, and completely lacking complete basic schooling (Seron, 2003).

While the initial objective of the workshop was the training manual for learning activities and recreation, contribute to personal development, social and community, now that intention has expanded, adding a look productive, as a way to help household economy. Most members see as a projection of work in their field of work agroforestry development, protection, management and enhancement of its native forest; the sale of products (NTFPs), such as leaves, hazelnuts (G. avellana) and Chilean guava (Ugni molinae), and timber for firewood and charcoal.

the locations of the night, Matt and Sanchez
located approximately 35 km northwest of the city of Carahue in the coastal mountain range called Cordillera Nahuelbuta. These are areas characterized by the presence of primary rainforest, evergreen forest type (Donoso, 1993). There is also a vast area with the presence of second-growth forests are very fragmented, highlighting the regeneration of Canelo (Drimys winteri) and small clumps of hazel. This demonstrates the high degree of deterioration of the original forest formations, mainly due to fires in the past to enable land to agriculture, from the colonization process in the 1930's, described above.

Much of these lands belong to small owners known locally as settlers, who have on average about 45 hectares per family, with an area of \u200b\u200bforest variable that fluctuates between 30% and 70% of the total. For decades, the settlers have built most of their productive and economic activities in the forest, pointing out the work intended for wood energy (firewood and coal) and less to get lumber. These
products provide families with a high proportion of their annual income, amounting even to 50% of the total, as measured by the Social Action Department of the Diocese (DAS) in a similar locality.

Livestock is also a key economic element to the fund family production, as discussed below. Families do subsistence farming, low yields in vegetable crops and farm, which is mainly for their own consumption, as well as the raising of poultry and pigs sold Males workforce during periods when the site requires few tasks, which complement income. In addition, have an association for the production and marketing of coal. Each partner of the carbon of the nights has an average of three furnaces and makes two fires a month for eight months straight. With these average values, a partner can produce a total of 200 thousand bags annually requiring 480 m3 of timber per year 3. The historic tradition of coal can increase profits by 26% compared to the informal sale of firewood (Rivera et al., 1998; Rivera,
1999; DAS Carahue, 1998).

If you consider that for this group the average area with native forest (without differentiating the various stages of development and intervention) is 36 hectares per producer, we find that each owner currently extracts 13 m3 per hectare per year. This value exceeds the growth of evergreen forest, which borders increase of 10 m3 per hectare per year. In conclusion, the extraction rate exceeds the growth, considering an average situation. Overfishing may be more acute when one considers that the regeneration of forests is currently very low and thrives on the presence of cattle inside (DAS Carahue, 1998).

In the same way we found a strong relationship between forage-livestock-forest, using many forests for foraging animal to the scarcity of natural and cultivated pastures. Establishing pastures, therefore, is not a minor issue in preserving the forests, it allows families to reduce the level of financial expenses of the property (purchase less fodder) and amortize the costs for the use of oxen in farm chores and extraprediales
(DAS, 2000). In short, get the cattle in the forest requires action within a compensatory logic, focused on the intensification of production in hazel collection as a productive alternative

mid-1999's abundant natural production of hazelnuts was intended primarily for fattening pig and to a lesser extent, the collection for sale in the rough. The 60 kg bag sold intermediaries to four thousand dollars and the activity was mainly performed by women and children. There were many logistical difficulties and operational as well as lack of fruit processing and production of higher added value. An obvious strength was the high demand for the product, so the opinion of the hazel family has never been a risk in terms of market.

Interest in improving their marketing arises, firstly, to improve the family's financial situation and, secondly, to strengthen women's economic autonomy.

The threat in these sectors currently
-As in the rest of the range of Nahuelbuta-families and their environment are under pressure to mean the activities of the monoculture forest industry, promoted by the state through their instruments (DL 701).
The problem to which families are exposed today the town lies mainly in a significant natural resource degradation and associated capitalization (the forest ends up subsidizing the final consumer), as a result of inefficient planning and farm inadequate policy intervention of external actors in charge of rural development, rangeland forage in such a way to allow self-sufficiency of the productive input.

Hope
Consequently, the current challenge for mountain farmers is to generate greater economic autonomy through the capitalization of their production systems, linked notably to the management of natural resources under their control.
This capitalization points to ways the commercialization of NTFPs (especially products such as hazelnut, murtilla and forage), the implementation of compensatory logic in the relationship forage-livestock-forest, and efforts to improve food security and diversification of production.

In fact, the price per sack (60 kg) from hazelnut green borders six thousand pesos4 today, and if this is compared with the seven kg of processed product that can be generated with a sack of green fruit, whose average price is two thousand 500 pesos per kilo, the profit can increase by 66 %, resulting in an increased capitalization of the farm system.

In this sense, the collection and processing of hazelnut mark within the territory, a new understanding of the relationship with the native forest promoted by women, especially in children. Therefore, the path led by the Santa Cecilia workshop also demonstrates that there are concrete ways for gender equity and positioning of the local conservation discourse.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The "economic and social strategy through marketing and preservation of hazelnut and its products, was presented by the Santa Cecilia-labor workshop supported by the Social Action Department (DAS) of the Bishopric Temuco-Temperate Forest Fund (WWF / CODEFF) to continue the work done on the initiative "Looking ahead, women Nahuelbuta promoting the conservation of native forests", funded by the first contest Temperate Forest Fund (WWF / CODEFF). This new phase was developed in 2003 and incorporated a closer look family, which asked in the beginning, three lines of operation: marketing, coordination and dissemination, to add further production and conservation.

The overall purpose of the initiative was to develop a socio-economic strategy, by strengthening the marketing of hazelnuts and local community awareness for the conservation of native forests.

were raised four specific objectives: to strengthen the marketing of raw hazelnuts, dry pit, hazelnut flour and hazelnut; implement management alternatives that facilitate the conservation and production hazel; motivate local actors through the media, to be part of a formal joint to strengthen networks and ensure its participation in the concerns of the subject and, finally, to raise future generations, through local schools, compared to the importance of native forests.

Main lines of work
The main lines of work of the project have been to support marketing, native forest management, organizational strengthening and dissemination, as well as environmental education.
In the area of \u200b\u200bcommercialization were trained through various participatory workshops for resource management, as this represented a deeply felt need of members. Additionally, began keeping a portfolio, to diversify the demand for the products offered by the workshop. In terms of management, are directly involved 7.1 acres of fenced groves of hazel, which involved conducting training in participatory methodologies for members and families of the workshop.

To raise awareness about the relationship of the forest with the water-reforested with native species ulmo (Eucryphia cordifolia), hazelnut and cinnamon-ha, in which there is a spring that supplies water several homes in the area.

The relationship forage-livestock-forest is worked through the implementation of 3.1 hectares of agroforestry systems, including training and recovery dialogues on farmers' knowledge. It introduced concepts for the development of farm designs that would improve the efficiency of the productive system.

To strengthen the organization and dissemination, the workshop work and technical support agency managed the financing of numerous activities that facilitated the positioning of the subjects in the territory.

Among those include: seminars and workshops local discussion about the rainforest, knowledge sharing sessions with women from other rural areas, audiovisual recordings and documentary video formats, published in regional newspapers and magazines, exhibition interregional seminars and technical tours and exchange.
An important element for the sustainability of the territory, is the inclusion of children and youth to the proposal. To this end, in coordination with the teacher and the local school teacher, were worked advocacy, leveling concepts and training of teachers, with forest walks, a literary competition, drama and magic tricks of children.

METHODOLOGY OR ACTION STRATEGY
The intervention strategy developed by the DAS with the support of German cooperation mainly MISEREOR and DED, consists of a permanent support to areas of social exclusion. Focuses on the mountain farmers in the Cordillera de Nahuelbuta, both in the town of Angol Carahue as, being a particular area of \u200b\u200bcultural expression. Highlights the approach of promoting self-help, social reconstruction and the small peasant production, accentuated in this context, some of the following guiding criteria for intervention Rural Carahue:

- Multidisciplinary teams, with promoter (a) social, technical (a) social and vocational agriculture and forestry.
- gender equity approach, which for the rural world has meant strengthening the role of women in the household production system.
- Autonomy of state action, in the sense of avoiding dependence on subsidies, loans or outside intervention (promotion and do not care).
- Sum of effort, which involves not fall into public limelight and recognize local knowledge.
- Accompaniment, forging bonds of mutual commitment and voluntary crucial when generating conversations (not negotiations) on certain practices with natural resources.
- Respect local processes, which involves responding to other rhythms of work and priority issues locally, and requires building platforms for farm families star in the conduct of its own processes.

RESULTS AND IMPACTS
local process, built from these projects has had a significant impact on achieving reassess and rediscover the integral value of native forests and the importance to their life projects. Other important achievements were:
- Generate a logic of non-dependence to external actors, but rather dialogue and promotion of self help.
- Increasing farm income through improved price of crude hazelnut and processing of products (66% increase in profits).
- Creating a local purchasing power and rural microenterprises.
- Consolidation of new areas of organization and delivery of community capacity.
- Undertaking and strengthening of a direct relationship between the community and school.
- Consolidation of the group in recognition of his work and local, regional and national levels, not only for his work on the nuts but as promoting a vision and more rural lifestyle sustainable.
- Phasing of the husbands of the members of the workshop on project activities, although not all have been involved, have taken important steps in this regard.
Finally, one of the most important achievements is the significant increase self-esteem and economic independence of women work workshop participants. This is reflected in their participation in meetings, in relation to other workshops, participation in conferences, forums and other events, as well as improve their capacity for negotiation and dialogue with various authorities and institutions.


CONCLUSIONS Clearly, the approaches used for development are no neutral rural and respond to a particular vision of development. This premise allows for a deep and permanent contact with the rural world (independent project), generating trust, dialogue and knowledge of farm and local environment in terms of system resources and not isolated.
It reflects a strong women's group, developed from common goals, shared interests and roles assigned. In this scheme are important instruments that have been made for the planning skills and management, tailored to their understanding of reality and their lifestyles.

is very important to consider the local time, when planning and developing activities, should develop an understanding of the dynamics and the assessment of daily participation in various activities.

A constant challenge in building relationships that are not care or paternalistic, seeking independence in decision making by the workshop members work. One must understand that with limited resources and simple actions can make big changes in people's lives.

Displays the importance of multidisciplinary working as a permanent methodological exercise, both for the best performance of the professional team to greater responsiveness to the views of rural families.

course, and also as a methodological effect for the farmer, it is important that projects can take towards short and medium term.

This means periods of strong motivation and awareness, practical implementation, and performance and evaluation. Motivational effect is important as improving income, reduce workloads, increase yields and reduce their farm expenses.


Gylda WITNESS Alvial Alvial, PRESIDENT WORK WORKSHOP SANTA CECILIA
The training workshop was when some children came from DAS to organize people, because they had not previously met, neighbors had no board, no committee, no workshop, the women did not go anywhere. (...) Before, a woman who was in meetings? and, who saw her out? Rural women did not come out before or even buy, you were afraid to go. Now, with the grace of God, organized the workshop and we had had enough help. (...) We have funded and we have made lectures, to learn to feel what we as women valimos because cigars were once men no more, but now, we leave pa 'everywhere, most people know we know more, we learned more.
The men are happy now because we helped them bring to the house and leave, because they no longer plays out both of them. And send us: you go, you know more, claim more, have more word! ...
I am president since September 2002, was formerly secretary and as secretary also wanted to get me back, saying the president must go, must go the treasurer, the secretary does not have to go ... And then I was elected president, and thank God I was able to get ahead, as they say, the work makes people learn. (...)
With the first draft of the Temperate Forest Fund went to see what we are doing Villarrica us now, hazel planting. (...) We further said: "pa 'such hazel brought us here", but that was when we arrived ... but the truth of things, that to see how they planted and how were pruned, and later wood and fruits have ... and we who were burying a hazel until it was fully inserted and is not na 'and the thing has to go to a certain extent ... We, myself, had no hazels here in the country and now I'm completely grateful, because I will have hazel, I'll bring the little ones and I'll get along ...
The industry is fairly small, because of the forest. People sold their fields because I had nothing to do, the same hazel was lost and now this being paid and has been getting a silver in his pocket (...) Who picked to sell?, no ... and now, because we have gone and we have projects, hazel are increasingly valuing ... So what we want now ... to find more projects and stay in the country, not to sell as the other and leave the people if the people what we do? ... we have no large study to go to town ... The purpose of us is to continue seeking new projects and new ways to work, because the hazel is a time and find an alternative to fall into another time and to work, and you get another little money to our home, to educate the children ... for they are worthy of another job, maybe later, and studying much more than we ...


NEIRA SONIA WITNESS, FORMER PRESIDENT OF WORK WORKSHOP SANTA CECILIA
... Before our countryside were covered heavily with native forest, but our parents, grandparents and ancestors exploited making them firewood, charcoal, wood and many of those trees were pulled to sell only the shell and the wood is lost, thereby bringing the family income. The native forest was exploited before in large quantities, because their products have very good prices and still have so far. Children of that
time had no education, because they had means to do so, but, thank God, now we women think differently, through our organization, founded in 1989 through the DAS. And ever since we began collecting as a workshop and trained us and taught us to cope as peasant women.
With the first project competitions (...) we learned some things about caring for our clump of hazel. That's why we wanted to compete in the third contest of the Temperate Forest Fund.
With God, we accepted this new project (...), with whom we have been able to accomplish many things, such as closing a portion of our clumps of hazel, we learned how to prune and manage them well to agroforestry, which means making and planting hazel pasted together. We attempted to bale them to strengthen the food of our animals and take care of our hazel know, that in the future we have good results. Also thanks to the project we have been able to buy tools to work in our forests, which had never been on our own.
We want to continue caring for our native forest, we find new ways to work as non-timber products, eg hazelnuts, murtilla, vegetables and flowers under plastic, which we know in our sectors we can produce, but we lack the economic resources for that.
We women, with our families, we continue to fight for a better future in our homes and also to ensure that our children are educated, have a job, decent work for their future not to become like us uneducated no steady job.
Before starting with our organization did not know, we had no lead us not to throw out the native forest, organized so you learn a lot. We have been able to go out, have many experiences we have learned to work together and care for our native forest a bit more, so we challenge our leaders to care for their forests have a future for later, because otherwise we will not even have water to drink ... "
also the exchange of experiences is a crucial element to incorporate concepts and build credibility. Tours, conferences for the exchange, documentaries and plays, are activities aimed at this goal.
promotional approach suggests that leaders are able to manage their resources (monetary, natural, etc.), Allowing for independent management within a given initiative. In the case of the workshop, this has meant for members to be more orderly and clear accountability when compared to the group, the technical team and external support institutions like the Fund
Temperate Forest (WWF / CODEFF).
Finally, it is a challenge to further strengthen peasant autonomy, for which they will have to go decidedly local areas, both by farmers as technical support agencies of civil society. Moreover, funding agencies also friends who share these issues, approaches and styles of work, jeopardize its support in the political management of these processes, so to ease the way and put on the agenda of governments to these sectors of the population.